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Which of these would be considered a non-insight problem?


A) Duncker candle problem
B) Two-string problem
C) Nine-dot problem
D) Tower of Hanoi

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Using problems that have already been solved as aids for representing and solving the problem currently being faced is called


A) an algorithm.
B) reasoning by analogy.
C) means-end analysis.
D) working backward.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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According to skilled-memory theory,


A) experts just naturally have better memories than novices.
B) experts must make more of an effort to encode information into LTM;this leads to better memory.
C) experts take more time when they're retrieving information from memory.
D) experts have more richly elaborated semantic networks relevant to the domain than do novices.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Surface features are to structural features as ______ is to


A) analogy;means-end analysis.
B) surface structure;deep structure.
C) successful application of analogy;unsuccessful application of analogy.
D) radiation problem;commander problem.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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In the classic study of using analogies to aid in problems,Gick and Holyoak (1983) found that only one condition was successful in triggering participants to notice and successfully apply an analogy.Which condition was it?


A) The condition in which they were given a diagram of the source problem
B) The condition in which they were given two source problems and had to map out their relationship
C) The condition in which they were given a source problem and a statement of the underlying general principle
D) None of the analogy conditions were better than just presenting the participants with the target problem alone.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Means-end analysis is basically a fancy term for


A) breaking a problem down into subgoals.
B) applying analogies to solve a problem.
C) applying algorithms to solve a problem.
D) working backward to solve a problem.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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What does GPS stand for?


A) Goal,problem,solution
B) General problem solver
C) Generic problem solution
D) Genuine problem steps

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Verbal protocols are ______ and represent a return to the early methods espoused by


A) step-by-step recordings of exactly what a person did in solving a problem;behaviorists.
B) step-by-step recordings of exactly what a person did in solving a problem;structuralists.
C) "thinking aloud" reports by the problem solver as they work on the problem;behaviorists.
D) "thinking aloud" reports by the problem solver as they work on the problem;structuralists.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Pretz (2008) compared the two modes of reasoning proposed by the dual-process approach,terming them intuition and analysis.She looked at the role they played in solving problems about and found that


A) college performance;less-experienced students solved problems more easily when given intuitive instructions than when given analytic instructions.
B) college performance;less-experienced students solved problems more easily when given analytic instructions than when given intuitive instructions.
C) romantic relationships;less-experienced students solved problems more easily when given intuitive instructions than when given analytic instructions.
D) romantic relationships;less-experienced students solved problems more easily when given analytic instructions than when given intuitive instructions.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Chase and Simon (1973) performed a classic investigation of memory for pieces on a chessboard,comparing experts and novices on their ability to quickly apprehend and later remember chess piece configurations as set up on a chessboard.They compared situations in which the pieces were in a random configuration to situations in which the pieces were in a game configuration.What did they find?


A) Experts remembered the pieces and their arrangement better regardless of their configuration.
B) Experts remembered the pieces and arrangements better,but only in the game configuration condition.
C) Experts remembered the pieces and arrangements better,but only in the random configuration condition.
D) Novices actually remembered the pieces better in the game configuration condition.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of these processes is not necessary for the successful use of analogies?


A) Noticing
B) Mapping
C) Schema development
D) Integration

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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According to the mere effort account of the stereotype threat effect,invoking a stereotype


A) disrupts cognitive performance in all circumstances.
B) pushes people away from their prepotent response,disrupting performance.
C) pushes people toward their prepotent response,which can enhance performance under some circumstances.
D) pushes people toward their prepotent response when it's inappropriate,and away from it when it's appropriate.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Which of these is not one of the assumptions of the information-processing (GPS) approach to problem solving?


A) Solution involves a sudden realization or breakthrough.
B) Solution involves a serial process that moves one closer and closer to the ultimate goal.
C) Solution involves breaking a problem down into manageable parts.
D) Problem solving involves movement through what is called "problem space."

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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In Duncker's famous candle problem study of functional fixedness,which of these conditions typically led to a breakthrough and eventual solution?


A) Presenting the candles standing up on end
B) Presenting the matches and tacks outside of their respective boxes
C) Presenting the tacks in the match box and the matches in the tack box
D) Presenting some other type of material,like buttons,in one of the boxes

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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"Correct specification of the problem space" would be the way in which the General Problem Solver framework describes


A) functional fixedness.
B) creativity.
C) problem representation.
D) problem solution.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Catrambone,Craig,and Nersessian (2006) tested the possible role of analogy in aiding problem solving by adding an enactment condition in which participants manipulated blocks to process the analogy.What happened in this study?


A) Problem solving in all conditions was unaided by the analogy,no matter the encoding condition.
B) The enactment condition was superior to both a sketch and verbal condition.
C) The enactment condition equaled the sketch condition,and both were better than the verbal condition.
D) The enactment condition equaled the verbal condition,and both were better than the sketch condition.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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What area of the brain showed increased activity on fMRI scans during insight problem solving?


A) Suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) Anterior superior temporal gyrus
C) Wernicke's area
D) The limbic system

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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In applying the dual-process view of reasoning to problem solving,most would agree that


A) both algorithms and heuristics are clear instances of System 1 (automatic and unconscious) reasoning.
B) both algorithms and heuristics are clear instances of System 2 (controlled and conscious) reasoning.
C) algorithms are akin to System 1 reasoning,and heuristics are akin to System 2 reasoning.
D) heuristics are akin to System 1 reasoning,and algorithms are akin to System 2 reasoning.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Prodigious talents like Beethoven are said to have creativity,while the everyday skilled practitioner within a domain (e.g. ,music) is said to have creativity.


A) eminent;pro-c
B) big-C;little c
C) pro-C;little c
D) pro-C;eminent

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Well-defined is to ill-defined as ______ is to


A) anagram with a short word;anagram with a long word.
B) long division;writing a paper.
C) unclear;clear.
D) essay;multiple choice.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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