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Exam 21: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

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Question 121

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Refer to the figure. Which statement about the evolution of color is most likely true?

A) Green coloration is a synapomorphy of the clade consisting of species E, F, and G.
B) Red coloration is a syapomorphy of the clade consisting of species A, B, C, and D.
C) Red coloration evolved more than once in this group.
D) Red coloration is ancestral.
E) Green coloration evolved more than once in this group.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Question 122

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Based on what you know about transitions and transversions, which of the following evolutionary changes is least likely?

A) A change from A to G
B) A change from G to A
C) A change from T to A
D) A change from C to T
E) All of the changes are equally likely.

F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

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Question 123

Multiple Choice

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Histone genes, which evolve very slowly, would most likely be used to study relationships

Refer to the figure. Which of the following is most likely a synapomorphy?

The hypothesis that the rate at which a particular molecule evolved among different species is consistent enough to serve as a guide to evolutionary divergence is known as the _______ hypothesis.

Refer to the figure. The figure shows the phylogeny of seven species of beetles (A through G).The figure also shows whether the beetles have (marked with check) or do not have (marked with an x) one of three stripes.It also states the color of the beetle (R for red and G for green). A synapomorphy shared by species C and D, but not by species A and B, is the presence of stripe _______.

Which is a property of evolution assumed by the molecular clock hypothesis?

Which statement about monophyletic groups is true?

"More complicated explanations are accepted only when the evidence requires them." Which does the preceding statement best summarize?

If you wanted to understand the evolution of tetrapods, why would it be valuable to examine traits in perch? Use the terms "ingroup" and "outgroup" in your explanation.

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses. As the figure shows, phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _______ and SIV is _______.

The absence of stripes on the wings is the ancestral state of a family of butterflies.One lineage contains five species, four with red stripes and one with no stripes.Genetic analysis revealed that the species without stripes recently lost these stripes.This is an example of _______, which is a(n) _______.

Five different phylogenetic trees of a group of wild tomato species have been proposed.Trees A and B each require 16 homoplasies, but tree A requires 20 synapomorphies and tree B requires 22 synapomorphies.Tree C requires 17 homoplasies and 12 synapomorphies.Tree D requires 14 homoplasies and 21 synapomorphies.Finally, tree E requires 19 homoplasies and 11 synapomorphies.According to the principle of parsimony, which tree is the best?

In the case in which phylogenetic analysis of HIV was used to convict a physician of purposely injecting blood from his HIV-positive patient into his former girlfriend, the victim's HIV sequences were _______ and the patient's HIV sequences were _______.

Refer to the phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among eight species.Red dots indicate the appearance of derived traits. According to the phylogenetic tree, chimpanzees and pigeons share _______ of the listed synapomorphies.

Which statement about the taxon "family" is false?

Refer to the figure. Based on this phylogenetic tree, we can conclude that gizzards

Studies of female platyfishes, whose male counterparts have a variety of tail shapes, show that the females prefer male fish with artificial swordlike structures attached to their tails.This observation is most consistent with the

Several species of frogs are sister species and share the same color patterns, not found in other frogs.This pattern was determined to be a derived trait.Hence, these patterns should be considered _______.

Suppose a biologist has data showing both the divergence times between species and the number of changes at a gene for the species.Now suppose that the biologist plots divergence time on the x axis and the number of changes on the y axis.If a molecular clock is operating, then the slope of that curve must be