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For the sake of this genetics problem,consider that right-handedness (RR,Rr) is dominant to left-handedness (rr) .A teacher surveys her class of 24 students and finds that six (one-fourth,or 0.25) are left-handed.How many of the remaining right-handed students are likely to be carriers for a left-handedness gene?


A) None, they will all be RR for right-handedness since a dominant gene dominates
B) Six, same number as are left-handed or 0.26 x 24
C) Twelve, since q2 = 0.25, then q = 0.5, and 2pg or 2(0.5 x 0.5) = 0.5 of a class of 24
D) Eighteen will be Rr since 24 - 6 = 18

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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A population of salamanders live along the edge of a north-south mountain range.The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed,producing fertile offspring,but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier.When glaciers move southward,the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated.While isolated,the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the salamanders again share the same pass,they no longer mate at the same time,nor can they produce fertile offspring.These salamanders


A) began as one species and therefore remain one species.
B) were originally two species and remain two species.
C) were originally one species but are now two species.
D) the number of species cannot be determined from the information given.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Compare the ideas of phenotypic gradualism with those of punctuated equilibrium.

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Based on the text's coverage of the many factors in micro- and macroevolution,you can conclude that the rate of evolution progresses at


A) a fairly constant rate and would produce the same outcome if "rerun."
B) an uneven rate but would produce the same outcome if "rerun."
C) a fairly constant rate but would produce different outcomes if "rerun."
D) an uneven rate and would produce different outcomes if "rerun."

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Stephen Jay Gould's three "tiers" of evolutionary time are


A) pre-biotic or before-life, prokaryotic life and eukaryotic life.
B) microbial, plant and animal phases.
C) pre-atmospheric, aquatic and terrestrial evolution.
D) not time periods at all, but stabilizing, disruptive and stabilizing evolution processes.
E) not time periods at all, but short-term population genetic processes, intermediate-term speciation and extinction rates, and long-term cycles of mass extinctions.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

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As author of the book Principles of Geology,______ presented arguments to support a theory of geological change that the earth was subject to slow but continuous erosion and uplift,following the laws of physics and chemistry similar to what is observed today.


A) Archbishop James Ussher
B) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
C) Charles Darwin
D) Charles Lyell

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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On the Galápagos Islands,the tool-using woodpecker finches modify twigs to pry out grubs.With no true woodpeckers on the Galápagos Islands,this behavior allows it to exploit an untapped food source.However,not all members of this species exhibit this behavior which is learned from watching other finches.Therefore,


A) hatchlings will not know how to do this.
B) it is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically.
C) there must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants of each generation.
D) as an acquired characteristic, in a strict sense this may not be part of the adaptive radiation of finches on the Galápagos.
E) all of the choices are correct.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and D)

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Which statement is NOT true about nonrandom mating?


A) Inbreeding is mating between relatives more often than by chance
B) Inbreeding is a change in allele frequencies that increases the proportion of heterozygotes in the population
C) An example of positive assortative mating is when a tall man marries a tall woman
D) Assortative mating tends to cause subdivision into two phenotypic classes with reduced gene flow between them

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation?


A) Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features, but the females in each group only respond to the different songs of their males
B) Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms
C) One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years) ; the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots
D) A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile
E) All of the choices are correct

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?


A) It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes
B) It assures the survival of each fit individual
C) On average, it favors the survival of individuals that can produce the most reproductively viable young that possess adaptive characteristics and can themselves reproduce
D) It always selects for more complex forms

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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