A) Over time, self-talk gradually evolves into inner speech.
B) Thought and language become increasingly interdependent with age.
C) Acquiring the cognitive tools of one's culture enables youngsters to live and work more effectively.
D) Children function more effectively when they work at their actual (rather than potential) developmental levels.
F) B) and C)
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A) Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb A stitch in time saves nine.
B) A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs.
C) When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then forgets to put the cap back on, leaving it dried out and useless by the following morning, her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: Respect other students' property.
D) Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.
F) A) and D)
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A) Ricky's own long division skills will improve because he is more motivated.
B) Ricky will gain nothing from helping his sister because doing long division is outside his zone of proximal development.
C) Ricky's own long division skills will decrease, because any mistakes that Lucy makes will "corrupt" his own mathematical thinking.
D) By helping Lucy with her long division problems, Ricky will be able to practice using the central conceptual structure that underlies his mathematical thinking.
F) B) and C)
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A) A child assimilates without accommodating.
B) A child accommodates without assimilating.
C) A child doesn't encounter any new or challenging ideas.
D) A child revises existing schemes to incorporate new information.
F) A) and C)
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A) Schemes
B) Operations
C) Scripts
D) Constructive processes
F) C) and D)
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A) They foster traditional gender stereotypes.
B) They allow children to practice adult behaviors.
C) They can help children shed their egocentric views of the world.
D) They are highly enjoyable but have little impact on cognitive development.
F) C) and D)
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A) Arnold uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories.
B) Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do.
C) Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that he can more easily keep the appropriate tempo if he taps the beat with his foot.
D) Doreen finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints.
F) None of the above
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A) Piaget's
B) Vygotsky's
C) neo-Piagetian theorists'
D) information processing theorists'
F) A) and B)
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A) Guided participation
B) A mediated learning experience
C) A lesson at students' actual developmental level
D) A lesson at students' level of potential development
F) B) and C)
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B
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A) Anne copies down what her teacher writes on the blackboard.
B) Betsy is given 10 more addition problems when she does the first 10 carelessly.
C) Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science.
D) Donna copies her biology textbook's definitions of various classes of invertebrates (sponges, flatworms, mollusks, etc.) word for word in her notebook.
F) C) and D)
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Rachel's experience of disequilibrium ca...View Answer
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A) Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk.
B) Eight-year-old Rachel develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters in cursive.
C) Eleven-year-old Mary Lou moves to a different school and purchases new clothes to fit the local fashions.
D) A language arts teacher asks 13-year-old Reynold to think about possible adjectives other than awesome that he might use in his writing to describe interesting and enjoyable activities.
F) A) and C)
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A
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A) A middle school physical education teacher puts her students in pairs as they practice their forward and backward rolls. She asks the students in each pair to observe each other and give each other feedback about how to improve.
B) An elementary school teacher gives his students lots of practice doing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems so that they will be able to solve word problems more effectively later in the school year.
C) In a high school chemistry lab, a teacher clearly describes the steps that she expects her students to take as they conduct the day's laboratory experiment. She also lists the things that students should do when they clean up after the experiment.
D) A junior high school English class is reading Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." At the end of each verse, the teacher describes the visual images and feelings that the poem evokes for him, and he encourages his students to do likewise.
F) B) and C)
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D
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A) A decreasing number of schemes over time
B) Changes in the brain that result in increasingly rapid learning
C) Discrete stages in which distinctly different forms of logical thought emerge
D) A gradual and steady progression of intellectual capabilities over the course of childhood and adolescence
F) B) and C)
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A) Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box.
B) Six-year-old Lucas thinks that his recently deceased grandfather is still alive.
C) Ten-year-old Margaret glues the pieces of a vase she has just broken, claiming that she'll make it look "good as new."
D) Fifteen-year-old Kenneth finally understands his geometry teacher's statement that two parallel lines might go on forever without ever touching.
F) B) and C)
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A) Mr. Armando has students work in pairs to test one another's knowledge about a topic.
B) Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading.
C) When students ask questions about things they don't understand, Ms. Cromwell asks if others can answer those questions before answering them herself.
D) Before a test, Ms. Dievers has each student describe the strategies he or she plans to use while studying.
F) C) and D)
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A) egocentrism
B) conservation
C) use of schemes
D) compartmentalization
F) A) and B)
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Cognitive development depends on the cre...View Answer
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A) It gives children an idea of what they need to do to get good grades.
B) It keeps school tasks within children's actual developmental levels.
C) It lets children learn by watching one another.
D) It supports children as they perform difficult tasks.
F) A) and C)
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A) Two children argue about which of two alternative viewpoints is "right" and which is "wrong."
B) A teacher gives students lots of practice with various athletic skills.
C) A parent promises a reward for good behavior.
D) An adult helps a child make sense of a new situation.
F) A) and B)
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