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Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?


A) pulmonary arteries
B) lobar arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) pulmonary trunk

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the two 2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a constant? Why?

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The two 2-mm vessels would deliver consi...

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The velocity of blood flow is ___________ .


A) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
B) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
C) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
D) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by__________ .


A) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
B) increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur
C) increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
D) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so?


A) The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output.
B) The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.
C) The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output.
D) Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Peripheral resistance ___________.


A) increases as blood vessel diameter increases
B) increases as blood viscosity increases
C) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
D) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of __________.


A) capillaries
B) arterioles
C) arteries
D) veins

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta?


A) The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.
B) Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow.
C) The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure.
D) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Mr. Wilson is a 45-year-old stockbroker with essential hypertension. He is African American, obese, and he smokes 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily. What risk factors for hypertension are typified by Mr. Wilson? What steps should be taken to treat Mr. Wilson, and what lifestyle changes should he make? What complications are likely if corrective steps are not taken?

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The risk factors are obesity, race, a hi...

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Cerebral blood flow is regulated by __________.


A) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
B) ADH
C) the hypothalamic "thermostat"
D) skin temperature

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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The __________in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.

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Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure?


A) increased abdominal pressure during breathing
B) skeletal muscle activity
C) constriction of smooth muscle around veins by the sympathetic nervous system
D) venous anastomoses

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is__________ .


A) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
C) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis
D) always fatal

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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The mesenteric arteries branch off the abdominal aorta, but the mesenteric veins do not connect directly to the vena cava. Why?

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The mesenteric veins merge int...

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An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

A) True
B) False

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The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?


A) a decrease in oxygen levels
B) an increase in oxygen levels
C) a decrease in carbon dioxide
D) changes in arterial pressure

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure?


A) Pulse pressure is temporarily increased.
B) Pulse pressure is chronically decreased.
C) Pulse pressure is temporarily decreased.
D) Pulse pressure is unaffected by atherosclerosis.
E) Pulse pressure is chronically increased.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

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A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT ___________.


A) increased work of the left ventricle
B) decreased size of the heart muscle
C) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
D) increased incidence of coronary artery disease

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is FALSE?


A) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
B) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.
C) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing.
D) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Mrs. Gray, a 50-year-old mother of seven children, is complaining of dull, aching pains in her legs. She reports that they have been getting progressively worse since the birth of her last child. During her physical examination, numerous varicosities are seen in both legs. How are varicosities recognized? What veins are most likely involved? What pathologic changes have occurred in these veins, and what is the most likely cause in this patient's case?

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Varicosities are recognized by the enlar...

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