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Learning specific behaviors simply by watching others perform them is known as


A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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John B.Watson considered himself to be a


A) physiological psychologist.
B) cognitive psychologist.
C) behaviorist.
D) psychoanalyst.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise.In this fictional example,the loud noise is a(n)


A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer is called


A) delayed conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) primary conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits.Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.


A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Sandy finds it harder to frown when watching her brother smile than when seeing him frown.Scientists are currently debating whether this can be attributed to the activation of


A) the law of effect.
B) extrinsic motives.
C) mirror neurons.
D) cognitive maps.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Pavlov is to classical conditioning as ________ is to ________.


A) Watson;modeling
B) Skinner;latent learning
C) Bandura;observational learning
D) Garcia;vicarious reinforcement

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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A dramatic increase in children's violent play after they viewed violent cartoons illustrates the role of television as a source of


A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) observational learning.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?


A) studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
B) inserting coins into a slot machine
C) paying a cashier for a candy bar
D) checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.


A) positive reinforcer;negative reinforcer
B) immediate reinforcer;delayed reinforcer
C) reinforcement;punishment
D) primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcer

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.


A) fixed-ratio
B) fixed-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) variable-interval

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot.Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount,and thereby win it.Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.


A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) fixed-interval

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Behaviorism was the view that psychology should scientifically study behavior without reference to


A) conditioning.
B) neutral stimuli.
C) discrimination.
D) cognitive processes.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior is called


A) shaping.
B) modeling.
C) generalization.
D) prosocial behavior.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know.In school,her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word.The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine


A) latent learning.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) spontaneous recovery.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Pigeons have been trained to correctly spot breast tumors by means of


A) classical conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) operant conditioning.
D) modeling.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Mandisa always picked up her infant daughter when she screamed because she couldn't have the toy she wanted.As a result,her daughter screams whenever she doesn't get her way.In this case,picking up the infant served as a(n) _________ for screaming.


A) negative reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) positive reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its enjoyment alone involves


A) secondary reinforcers.
B) modeling.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) latent learning.

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of


A) fixed-interval schedules.
B) latent learning.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) shaping.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades.This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by


A) classical conditioning.
B) primary reinforcers.
C) latent learning.
D) delayed reinforcers.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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