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In which case would working backward to solve a problem be an effective strategy?


A) when a problem has a well-defined endpoint
B) when a problem is unsolvable by heuristics
C) when it is necessary to change the representation of a problem
D) when a problem has multiphasic branch points

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Infants typically say their first word between ____ months of age.


A) 6 and 9
B) 10 and 13
C) 14 and 17
D) 18 and 21

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable is the cognitive structure known as


A) inductive reasoning.
B) creativity.
C) problem solving.
D) a heuristic.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to, that child is showing evidence of


A) overextension.
B) underextension.
C) fast mapping.
D) telegraphic speech.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Car A has good mileage, a low price, and low maintenance, or three pluses. Car B has only a low price and low maintenance, or two pluses. So, I'll choose Car A. This is an example of


A) a weighted additive strategy.
B) a field dependent decision strategy.
C) a purely additive strategy.
D) elimination-by-aspects.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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Claudia wants to send a fragile vase to her parents for their anniversary, but she can't find any appropriate packing material in her house. She decides to pop some popcorn and use that to pack around the vase. In this case, Claudia has


A) demonstrated functional fixedness in solving her problem.
B) effectively utilized the availability heuristic in solving her problem.
C) overcome functional fixedness in solving her problem.
D) utilized an elimination-by-aspects strategy to solve her problem.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Observing the similarities between a new problem to be solved and one you've successfully solved in the past is called


A) an algorithm.
B) searching for analogies.
C) shaping.
D) the alternative outcomes effect.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child


A) used a word too broadly.
B) used telegraphic speech to communicate complex ideas.
C) used a word too narrowly.
D) failed to utilize fast mapping.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Semantics is the component of language concerned with


A) understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.
B) specifying rules for how words can be arranged into sentences.
C) creating novel messages from a finite number of symbols.
D) correctly pronouncing the prefixes, suffices, and root words of a language.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following situations would lead you to suspect that the child has a language development problem?


A) A one-year-old child understands a few words and can say a few words.
B) A two-year-old child babbles and uses a few words.
C) A three-year-old child uses grammar correctly around 75% to 80% of the time.
D) A five-year-old child can use language much better than a chimpanzee.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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A shortcut, "rule of thumb," or guiding principle used in solving problems or making decisions is


A) an analogy.
B) trial and error.
C) algorithm.
D) a heuristic.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Four-year-old Nina says: "I runned all the way home." This MOST likely indicates that


A) Nina has forgotten the correct way to form the past tense.
B) Nina hears improper verb forms spoken in her home.
C) Nina is still relying on telegraphic speech to convey meaning.
D) Nina is overregularizing a grammatical rule.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Michiko lives in Japan and Krystal, Michiko's pen pal, lives in the United States. Based on the research by Nisbett and his colleagues into cultural differences in cognitive styles, you should predict that when these two friends are solving problems, Michiko will tend to use ____ cognitive style, while Krystal will tend to use ____ cognitive style.


A) an analytic; a holistic
B) an algorithmic; a heuristic
C) a holistic; an analytic
D) a heuristic; an algorithmic

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Mrs. Bondle seldom corrects her 4-year-old's grammatical errors, such as "Her drinked my milk." However, she is careful to correct factual errors, such as "Tiger ate his milk." Assuming Mrs. Bondle's child develops normal language skills, her pattern of feedback would be inconsistent with


A) the behavioral view of language development.
B) the nativist view of language development.
C) all major theories of language development.
D) the transformational theory of language development.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The two sentences "Tom hit John" and "John hit Tom" are the same in regard to


A) syntax.
B) symbolic structure.
C) morpheme structure.
D) semantics.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Jenna is 14 months old and uses only "bottle, no, up, bye-bye, mama, and dada" when she talks. However, when the family is on their way to visit Jenna's grandmother, and her father tells Jenna to get her blue bunny from the bedroom and bring it with her, Jenna quickly runs to get the bunny. This episode demonstrates that


A) toddlers' receptive vocabularies are larger than their productive vocabularies.
B) toddlers' productive vocabularies are larger than their receptive vocabularies.
C) infants have difficulty pronouncing phonemes they have never heard.
D) Jenna is able to overextend her current vocabulary.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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The component of language that would be evident if an individual recognizes that "give" and "take" have opposite meanings is


A) syntax.
B) phonology.
C) generativity.
D) semantics.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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A child's early two-word utterances


A) are often described as telegraphic speech.
B) usually begin to appear at about age 12 months.
C) are always direct imitations of parents' speech.
D) have little or no communicative value, since the child does not yet use rules of syntax.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Overregularization occurs when


A) a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to.
B) grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply.
C) a child's speech consists mainly of content words and other less critical words are omitted.
D) a child learns a word after only one exposure to the word.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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When the word "jar" is changed to the word "jars," the number of


A) phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the same.
B) phonemes stays the same, but the number of morphemes is increased.
C) phonemes and morphemes are both increased.
D) phonemes decreases, but the number of morphemes increases.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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